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<title>Food processing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Food processing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Food_processor" title="Food processor">Food processor</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Food processing</b> is the transformation of <a href="Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural products</a> into <a href="Food" title="Food">food</a>, or of one form of food into other forms. Food processing takes many forms, from grinding <a href="Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> into raw <a href="Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> to <a href="Home_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Home cooking">home cooking</a> and complex industrial methods used in the making of <a href="Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">convenience foods</a>. Some food processing methods play important roles in reducing <a href="Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> and improving <a href="Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a>, thus reducing the total <a href="Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">environmental impact of agriculture</a> and improving <a href="Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="Nova_classification" title="Nova classification">Nova classification</a> groups food according to different food processing techniques.

</p><p>Primary food processing is necessary to make most foods edible while secondary food processing turns ingredients into familiar foods, such as <a href="Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>. Tertiary food processing results in <a href="Ultra-processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-processed foods">ultra-processed foods</a> and has been widely criticized for promoting <a href="Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">overnutrition</a> and <a href="Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, containing too much <a href="Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and <a href="Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, too little <a href="Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">fiber</a>, and otherwise being unhealthful in respect to dietary needs of humans and farm animals.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing_levels">Processing levels</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_food_processing">Primary food processing</h3></div>

<p>Primary food processing turns agricultural products, such as raw <a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat kernels</a> or livestock, into something that can eventually be eaten. This category includes ingredients that are produced by ancient processes such as <a href="Food_drying" title="Food drying">drying</a>, <a href="Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a>, <a href="Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnowing</a> and <a href="Grain_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain mill">milling</a> grain, <a href="Nutshell" title="Nutshell">shelling nuts</a>, and <a href="Butchering" class="mw-redirect" title="Butchering">butchering</a> animals for meat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes deboning and cutting meat, freezing and smoking fish and meat, extracting and filtering oils, <a href="Canning" title="Canning">canning</a> food, preserving food through <a href="Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">food irradiation</a>, and <a href="Candling" title="Candling">candling eggs</a>, as well as <a href="Homogenized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogenized milk">homogenizing</a> and <a href="Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">pasteurizing milk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Contamination and <a href="Food_spoilage" title="Food spoilage">spoilage</a> problems in primary food processing can lead to significant <a href="Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> threats, as the resulting foods are used so widely.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many forms of processing contribute to improved food safety and longer <a href="Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> before the food spoils.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial food processing uses control systems such as <a href="Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">hazard analysis and critical control points</a> (HACCP) and <a href="Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis" title="Failure mode and effects analysis">failure mode and effects analysis</a> (FMEA) to reduce the risk of harm.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_food_processing">Secondary food processing</h3></div>

<p>Secondary food processing is the everyday process of creating food from ingredients that are ready to use. <a href="Bread_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread making">Baking bread</a>, regardless of whether it is made at home, in a small bakery, or in a large factory, is an example of secondary food processing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermenting fish</a> and making <a href="Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, and other alcoholic products are traditional forms of secondary food processing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausages</a> are a common form of secondary processed meat, formed by <a href="Comminution" title="Comminution">comminution</a> (grinding) of meat that has already undergone primary processing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the secondary food processing methods known to humankind are commonly described as <a href="Cooking#Methods" title="Cooking">cooking methods</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_food_processing">Tertiary food processing</h3></div>

<p>Tertiary food processing is the commercial production of what is commonly called <i><a href="Processed_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Processed food">processed food</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are ready-to-eat or heat-and-serve foods, such as <a href="Frozen_meal" title="Frozen meal">frozen meals</a> and re-heated <a href="Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">airline meals</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Food processing dates back to the prehistoric ages when crude processing incorporated fermenting, sun drying, preserving with <a href="Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, and various types of <a href="Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> (such as roasting, smoking, steaming, and oven baking), Such basic food processing involved chemical enzymatic changes to the basic structure of food in its natural form, as well served to build a barrier against surface microbial activity that caused rapid decay. Salt-preservation was especially common for foods that constituted warrior and sailors' diets until the introduction of <a href="Canning" title="Canning">canning methods</a>. Evidence for the existence of these methods can be found in the writings of the ancient <a href="Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek</a>, <a href="Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Chaldean</a>, <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> and <a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> civilizations as well as archaeological evidence from <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and Asia. These tried and tested processing techniques remained essentially the same until the advent of the <a href="Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Examples of ready-meals also date back to before the preindustrial revolution, and include dishes such as <a href="Cornish_pasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish pasty">Cornish pasty</a> and <a href="Haggis" title="Haggis">Haggis</a>. Both during ancient times and today in modern society these are considered processed foods.

</p>

<p>Modern food processing technology developed in the 19th and 20th centuries was developed in a large part to serve military needs. In 1809, <a href="Nicolas_Appert" title="Nicolas Appert">Nicolas Appert</a> invented a hermetic bottling technique that would preserve food for French troops which ultimately contributed to the development of tinning, and subsequently canning by Peter Durand in 1810. Although initially expensive and somewhat hazardous due to the lead used in cans, canned goods would later become a staple around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</a>, discovered by <a href="Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> in 1864, improved the quality and safety of preserved foods and introduced the wine, beer, and milk preservation.

</p>

<p>In the 20th century, <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="Space_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Space race">space race</a> and the rising consumer society in developed countries contributed to the growth of food processing with such advances as <a href="Spray_drying" title="Spray drying">spray drying</a>, <a href="Climbing_and_Falling_Film_Plate_Evaporator" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing and Falling Film Plate Evaporator">evaporation</a>, juice concentrates, <a href="Freeze_drying" title="Freeze drying">freeze drying</a> and the introduction of artificial sweeteners, colouring agents, and such preservatives as <a href="Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">sodium benzoate</a>. In the late 20th century, products such as dried instant soups, reconstituted fruits and juices, and self cooking meals such as <a href="MRE" class="mw-redirect" title="MRE">MRE</a> food ration were developed. By the 20th century, automatic appliances like <a href="Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave oven</a>, <a href="Blender" title="Blender">blender</a>, and <a href="Rotimatic" title="Rotimatic">rotimatic</a> paved way for <a href="Convenience_cooking" title="Convenience cooking">convenience cooking</a>.

</p><p>In western Europe and North America, the second half of the 20th century witnessed a rise in the pursuit of convenience. Food processing companies marketed their products especially towards middle-class working wives and mothers. Frozen foods (often credited to <a href="Clarence_Birdseye" title="Clarence Birdseye">Clarence Birdseye</a>) found their success in sales of juice concentrates and "<a href="TV_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="TV dinner">TV dinners</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Processors utilised the perceived value of time to appeal to the postwar population, and this same appeal contributes to the success of <a href="Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">convenience foods</a> today.

</p><p>Also in the late 20th century, food manufacturers began changing their product model from a single "platonic dish", such as one version of jarred spaghetti sauce, to offering multiple variations, such as a plain version, a spicy version, and a chunky version.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_and_drawbacks">Benefits and drawbacks</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3></div>

<p>Benefits of food processing include toxin removal, preservation, easing marketing and distribution tasks, and increasing food consistency. In addition, it increases yearly availability of many foods, enables transportation of delicate perishable foods across long distances and makes many kinds of foods safe to eat by de-activating spoilage and pathogenic micro-organisms. Modern <a href="Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarkets</a> would not exist without modern food processing techniques, and long voyages would not be possible.

</p><p>Processed foods are usually less susceptible to early spoilage than fresh foods and are better suited for long-distance transportation from the source to the <a href="Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they were first introduced, some processed foods helped to <a href="Food_security" title="Food security">alleviate food shortages</a> and improved the overall nutrition of populations as it made many new foods available to the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Processing can also reduce the incidence of food-borne disease. Fresh materials, such as fresh <a href="Produce" title="Produce">produce</a> and raw meats, are more likely to harbour pathogenic micro-organisms (e.g. Salmonella) capable of causing serious illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The extremely varied modern diet is only truly possible on a wide scale because of food processing. Transportation of more exotic foods, as well as the elimination of much hard labor gives the modern eater easy access to a wide variety of food unimaginable to their ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The act of processing can often improve the taste of food significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Mass production of food is much cheaper overall than individual production of meals from raw ingredients. Therefore, a large <a href="Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a> potential exists for the manufacturers and suppliers of processed food products. Individuals may see a benefit in <a href="Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">convenience</a>, but rarely see any direct financial cost benefit in using processed food as compared to home preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Processed food freed people from the large amount of time involved in preparing and cooking "natural" unprocessed foods.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in free time allows people much more choice in life style than previously allowed. In many families the adults are working away from home and therefore there is little time for the preparation of food based on fresh ingredients. The <a href="Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a> offers products that fulfill many different needs: e.g. fully prepared <a href="Ready_meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ready meal">ready meals</a> that can be heated up in the <a href="Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave oven</a> within a few minutes.

</p><p>Modern food processing also improves the quality of life for people with allergies, <a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetics</a>, and other people who cannot consume some common food elements.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food processing can also add extra nutrients such as <a href="Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drawbacks">Drawbacks</h3></div>

<p>Processing of food can decrease its nutritional density. The amount of nutrients lost depends on the food and processing method. For example, heat destroys <a href="Vitamin_C#Sources" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>. Therefore, canned fruits possess less vitamin C than their fresh alternatives. The <a href="USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> conducted a study of nutrient retention in 2004, creating a table of foods, levels of preparation, and nutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>New research highlighting the importance to human health of a rich microbial environment in the intestine indicates that abundant food processing (not fermentation of foods) endangers that environment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Added_sodium">Added sodium</h2></div>

<p>One of the main sources for <a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> in the diet is processed foods. Sodium, mostly in the form of <a href="Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, i.e. salt, is added to prevent spoilage, add flavor and enhance the texture of these foods. Americans consume an average of 3436 milligrams of sodium per day, which is higher than the recommended limit of 2300 milligrams per day for healthy people, and more than twice the limit of 1500 milligrams per day for those at increased risk for heart disease.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Added_sugars">Added sugars</h2></div>

<p>While it is not necessary to limit the sugars found naturally in whole, unprocessed foods like fresh fruit, eating too much <a href="Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">added sugar</a> found in many processed foods increases the risk of heart disease, obesity, cavities and Type 2 diabetes. The <a href="American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> recommends women limit added sugars to no more than 420 kilojoules (100 kilocalories), or 25 grams, and men limit added sugars to no more than 650 kJ (155 kcal), or about 38.75 grams, per day. Currently, Americans consume an average of 1,490 kJ (355 kcal) from added sugars each day.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrient_losses">Nutrient losses</h2></div>

<p>Processing foods often involves nutrient losses, which can make it harder to meet the body's needs if these nutrients are not added back through fortification or enrichment. For example, using high heat during processing can cause vitamin C losses. Another example is refined grains, which have less fiber, vitamins and minerals than whole grains. Eating refined grains, such as those found in many processed foods, instead of whole grains may increase the risk for high <a href="Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, diabetes and obesity, according to a study published in "<a href="The_American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition" title="The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a>" in December 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans_fats">Trans fats</h2></div>

<p>Foods that have undergone processing, including some commercial baked goods, desserts, margarine, frozen pizza, microwave popcorn and coffee creamers, sometimes contain <a href="Trans_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans fats">trans fats</a>. This is the most unhealthy type of fat, and may increase risk for high cholesterol, heart disease and stroke. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends keeping trans fat intake as low as possible.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_potential_disadvantages">Other potential disadvantages</h2></div>

<p>Processed foods may actually take less energy to digest than whole foods, according to a study published in "<a href="Food_%26_Nutrition_Research" title="Food & Nutrition Research">Food & Nutrition Research</a>" in 2010, meaning more of their food energy content is retained within the body. Processed foods also tend to be more allergenic than whole foods, according to a June 2004 "Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology" article. Although the preservatives and other food additives used in many processed foods are generally recognized as safe, a few may cause problems for some individuals, including sulfites, artificial sweeteners, artificial colors and flavors, sodium nitrate, BHA and BHT, olestra, caffeine and <a href="Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">monosodium glutamate</a> — a flavor enhancer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_parameters_for_food_processing">Performance parameters for food processing</h2></div>

<p>When designing processes for the food industry the following performance parameters may be taken into account:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a>, e.g. measured by number of micro-organisms per mL of finished product.</li>

<li><a href="Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Energy efficiency</a> measured e.g. by "ton of steam per ton of sugar produced".</li>

<li><a href="Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Minimization of waste</a>, measured e.g. by "percentage of peeling loss during the peeling of potatoes".</li>

<li><a href="Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a> used, measured e.g. by "number of working hours per ton of finished product".</li>

<li>Minimization of cleaning stops measured e.g. by "number of hours between cleaning stops".</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industries">Industries</h2></div>

<p>Food processing industries and practices include the following:

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Cannery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannery">Cannery</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging plant</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial rendering">Industrial rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Meat_packing_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat packing plant">Meat packing plant</a></li>

<li><a href="Potato_processing_industry" title="Potato processing industry">Potato processing industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugar_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar engineering">Sugar industry</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li>

<li><a href="Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean-in-place" title="Clean-in-place">Clean-in-place</a></li>

<li><a href="Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplement</a></li>

<li><a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></li>

<li><a href="Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additive</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Food_and_Bioprocess_Technology" title="Food and Bioprocess Technology">Food and Bioprocess Technology</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">Food coloring</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_extrusion" title="Food extrusion">Food extrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Food fortification</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_rheology" title="Food rheology">Food rheology</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_science" title="Food science">Food science</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_storage" title="Food storage">Food storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li>

<li><a href="Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="Material_handling" title="Material handling">Material handling</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutraceutical" title="Nutraceutical">Nutraceutical</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</a></li>

<li><a href="Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li>

<li><a href="Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a></li>

<li><a href="Snap_freezing" title="Snap freezing">Snap freezing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-high_temperature_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-high temperature processing">Ultra-high temperature processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-processed_food" title="Ultra-processed food">Ultra-processed food</a></li>

<li><a href="Washdown" title="Washdown">Washdown</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGrumezescuHolban2018" class="citation book cs1">Grumezescu, Alexandru Mihai; Holban, Alina Maria (2018-04-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wIxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA430"><i>Food Processing for Increased Quality and Consumption</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 430. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780128114995</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIonescu2016" class="citation book cs1">Ionescu, Gabriela (2016-05-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nB9jDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21"><i>Sustainable Food and Beverage Industries: Assessments and Methodologies</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 21. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781771884112</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Congress1987" class="citation book cs1">US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7mxV6X9lAYC&pg=PA278">"Chapter 8, Technologies Supporting Agricultural, Aquacultural, and Fisheries Development"</a>. <i>Integrated Renewable Resource Management for U.S. Insular Areas: Summary</i>. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. <span class="nowrap">278–</span>281. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781428922792</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHui2012" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Y. H. (2012-01-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZRCMRXbbwoC&pg=PA599"><i>Handbook of Meat and Meat Processing, Second Edition</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 599. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781439836835</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Bruegel, "How the French Learned to Eat Canned Food," in W. Belasco, P. Scranton, ed., Food Nations: Selling Taste in Consumer Societies (New York, Routledge, 2001)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levenstein, H: "Paradox of Plenty", pages 106–107. University of California Press, 2003</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGladwell2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Gladwell, Malcolm (2004-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/09/06/the-ketchup-conundrum">"The Ketchup Conundrum"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaudan2010" class="citation web cs1">Laudan, Rachel (September–October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/Environment/Fast-Food-Culinary-Ethos.aspx?page=4">"In Praise of Fast Food"</a>. UTNE Reader<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-24</span></span>. <q>Where modern food became available, people grew taller and stronger and lived longer.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citiusresearch.com/reports/Food-and-Beverages/food-processing-machinery-market-report">"Food Processing Machinery Market Size, Share, Analysis, Trends, Forecast"</a>. <i>Citius Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaudan2010" class="citation web cs1">Laudan, Rachel (September–October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/Environment/Fast-Food-Culinary-Ethos.aspx?page=4">"In Praise of Fast Food"</a>. UTNE Reader<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-24</span></span>. <q>If we fail to understand how scant and monotonous most traditional diets were, we can misunderstand the "ethnic foods" we encounter in cookbooks, at restaurants, or on our travels.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaudan2010" class="citation web cs1">Laudan, Rachel (September–October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/Environment/Fast-Food-Culinary-Ethos.aspx?page=4">"In Praise of Fast Food"</a>. UTNE Reader<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-24</span></span>. <q>For our ancestors, natural was something quite nasty. Natural often tasted bad. Fresh meat was rank and tough, fresh fruits inedibly sour, fresh vegetables bitter.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTharreyDroguéPrivetPerignon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tharrey, Marion; Drogué, Sophie; Privet, Lisa; Perignon, Marlène; Dubois, Christophe; Darmon, Nicole (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32456744">"Industrially processed v. home-prepared dishes: what economic benefit for the consumer?"</a>. <i>Public Health Nutrition</i>. <b>23</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1982–</span>1990. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1368980019005081">10.1017/S1368980019005081</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-2727">1475-2727</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10200457">10200457</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32456744">32456744</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaudan2010" class="citation web cs1">Laudan, Rachel (September–October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/Environment/Fast-Food-Culinary-Ethos.aspx?page=4">"In Praise of Fast Food"</a>. UTNE Reader<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Data/retn/retn06.pdf">"USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USDA</i>. USDA. Dec 2007.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Pollan2013" class="citation web cs1">Michael Pollan (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/magazine/say-hello-to-the-100-trillion-bacteria-that-make-up-your-microbiome.html?hp">"Some of my Best Friends are Germs"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> Magazine</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNewbyMarasBakunMuller2007" class="citation journal cs1">Newby, P. K.; Maras, Janice; Bakun, Peter; Muller, Denis; Ferrucci, Luigi; Tucker, Katherine L. (2007-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165(23)27686-8/fulltext">"Intake of whole grains, refined grains, and cereal fiber measured with 7-d diet records and associations with risk factors for chronic disease2"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>86</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1745–</span>1753. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F86.5.1745">10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1745</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9165">0002-9165</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU2204/S00425/food-flavour-enhancer-marketto-garner-usd-152-mn-by-2032-at-68-cagr-says-fmi.htm">"Food Flavour Enhancer Market to Garner USD 15.2 Mn by 2032 at 6.8% CAGR, Says FMI | Scoop News"</a>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Fábricas de alimentos</i>, 9th edition <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span>.</li>

<li><i>Nutritional evaluation of food processing</i>,</li>

<li><i>Food preservation</i> 2nd edition, by Norman W. Desrosier.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manufacture_of_food" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Manufacture of food">Manufacture of food</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_science69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Food_science69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Food_science" title="Food science">Food science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Allergy</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Human_food" title="Human food">Human</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nutritional_rating_systems" title="Nutritional rating systems">Nutritional rating systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">Glycemic index</a></li>

<li><a href="Insulin_index" title="Insulin index">Insulin index</a></li>

<li><a href="Satiety_value" title="Satiety value">Satiety value</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a>

<li><a href="Clinical_nutrition" title="Clinical nutrition">Clinical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Processing_aid" title="Processing aid">Processing aids</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_psychology" title="Food psychology">Psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_quality" title="Food quality">Quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_analysis" title="Sensory analysis">Sensory analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_testing" title="Discrimination testing">Discrimination testing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Food_rheology" title="Food rheology">Rheology</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_storage" title="Food storage">Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_technology" title="Food technology">Technology</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_chemistry18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Food_chemistry18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additives</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">Coloring</a></li>

<li><a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></li>

<li><a href="Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acids</a></li>

<li><a href="Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavors</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a></li>

<li><a href="Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li>

<li><a href="Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">"Minerals" (Chemical elements)</a></li>

<li><a href="Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li>

<li><a href="Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li>

<li><a href="Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_preservation300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Food_preservation300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biopreservation" title="Biopreservation">Biopreservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li>

<li><a href="Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_chain" title="Cold chain">Cold chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">Freeze-drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Freezing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hurdle_technology" title="Hurdle technology">Hurdle technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Irradiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">Jamming</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspic" title="Aspic">Jellying</a></li>

<li><a href="Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugging</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascalization" title="Pascalization">Pascalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li>

<li><a href="Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li>

<li><a href="Potjevleesch" title="Potjevleesch">Potjevleesch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li>

<li><a href="Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyndallization" title="Tyndallization">Tyndallization</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFood" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Food preservation</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Food_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Food manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Foodservice" title="Foodservice">Foodservice</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety1300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consumer_food_safety1300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li>

<li><a href="Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li>

<li><a href="Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li>

<li><a href="HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li>

<li><a href="Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a>

<ul><li><a href="High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a>

<ul><li><a href="Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Escherichia_coli_O104%3AH4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O104:H4</a></li>

<li><a href="Escherichia_coli_O157%3AH7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li>

<li><a href="Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li>

<li><a href="Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li>

<li><a href="Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li>

<li><a href="Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li>

<li><a href="Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li>

<li><a href="Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">Dioxins</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li>

<li><a href="Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li>

<li><a href="Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li>

<li><a href="Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li>

<li><a href="Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li>

<li><a href="Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li>

<li><a href="Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li>

<li><a href="Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li>

<li><a href="Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li>

<li>1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster</li>

<li><a href="1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2006_North_American_E._coli_O157%3AH7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks</a></li>

<li><a href="ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2011_Germany_E._coli_O104%3AH4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li>

<li><a href="2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li>

<li><a href="2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li>

<li><a href="E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li>

<li><a href="European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li>

<li><a href="Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li>

<li><a href="Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFood" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ADrink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_safety" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Food safety">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_foods152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Artificial_foods152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Artificial foods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="Fat_substitute" title="Fat substitute">fat substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Olestra" title="Olestra">Olestra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial protein substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li>

<li><a href="Alitame" title="Alitame">Alitame</a></li>

<li><a href="Advantame" title="Advantame">Advantame</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspartame-acesulfame_salt" title="Aspartame-acesulfame salt">Aspartame-acesulfame salt</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrelame" title="Carrelame">Carrelame</a></li>

<li><a href="Dulcin" title="Dulcin">Dulcin</a></li>

<li><a href="Glucin" title="Glucin">Glucin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogenated_starch_hydrolysates" title="Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates">Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates</a></li>

<li><a href="Lugduname" title="Lugduname">Lugduname</a></li>

<li><a href="Neohesperidin_dihydrochalcone" title="Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone">Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone</a></li>

<li><a href="Neotame" title="Neotame">Neotame</a></li>

<li><a href="Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural food substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cheese_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese analogue">Cheese analogues</a></li>

<li><a href="Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Coffee substitutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Egg_substitutes" title="Egg substitutes">Egg substitutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Meat_substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat substitute">Meat substitutes</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_bacon_substitutes" title="List of bacon substitutes">bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Phyllodulcin" title="Phyllodulcin">Phyllodulcin</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_substitute" title="Salt substitute">Salt substitutes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">List of food additives</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Food_power" title="Food power">Food power</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li>

<li><a href="Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_desert" title="Food desert">Food desert</a>

<ul><li><a href="Food_swamp" title="Food swamp">Food swamp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_nutrition_guides" title="List of nutrition guides">List of nutrition guides</a></li>

<li><a href="Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li>

<li><a href="Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">Overnutrition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Association_for_Food_Protection" title="International Association for Food Protection">International Association for Food Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Agriculture_and_Food_Research_Organization" title="National Agriculture and Food Research Organization">National Agriculture and Food Research Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Food_and_Drug_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="National Food and Drug Authority">National Food and Drug Authority</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health650" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Public_health650" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_medical_officer" title="Chief medical officer">Chief medical officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li>

<li><a href="Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li>

<li><a href="New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li>

<li><a href="National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a>

<li><a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li>

<li><a href="Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prisoners'_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li>

<li><a href="Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li>

<li><a href="Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a>

<ul><li><a href="Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li>

<li><a href="Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a>

<ul><li><a href="Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li>

<li><a href="Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li>

<li><a href="Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a>

<ul><li><a href="Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li>

<li><a href="Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a>

<ul><li><a href="Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li>

<li><a href="Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li>

<li><a href="Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li>

<li><a href="Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li>

<li><a href="Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and<br>epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li>

<li><a href="Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Student's_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic<br>disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a>

<li><a href="Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a>

<li><a href="Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and<br>safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Food

<ul><li><a href="Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li>

<li>Safety scandals</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li>

<li><a href="Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a>

<ul><li><a href="HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral<br>sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li>

<li><a href="PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li>

<li><a href="Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br>education<br>and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Caribbean

<ul><li><a href="Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li>

<li>China

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Europe

<ul><li><a href="European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment%2C_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Russia

<ul><li><a href="Rospotrebnadzor" title="Rospotrebnadzor">Rospotrebnadzor</a></li></ul></li>

<li>India

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Canada

<ul><li><a href="Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li>

<li>U.S.

<ul><li><a href="Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li>

<li>Higher education

<ul><li><a href="Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li>

<li>Schools of public health</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_public_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of public health in the United Kingdom">History of public health in the United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_public_health_in_the_United_States" title="History of public health in the United States">History of public health in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_public_health_in_Australia" title="History of public health in Australia">History of public health in Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li>

<li><a href="Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_health" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Public health">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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